Format Highlight: Postcards

Primary Source Set
by Greta Bahnemann, Metadata Librarian, Minnesota Digital Library, Minitex

Arts and Literature Communication Format Highlight

Almost everyone knows what a postcard is – having either mailed or received one. Postcards, by their formal definition, are rectangular pieces of cardstock with an image printed on the front and a space for a message and an address on the reverse. Postcards are an early form of quick and easy communication - some might even say they were the printed predecessor of an e-mail. They are often mailed from vacation spots, from business travel, or just as an easy way to send a greeting. The postcard's "Golden Age" was the turn of the last century.

During the early years of the 20th century, the buying, sending and collecting of postcards was an international phenomenon. Postcards depicting "holiday and vacation spots" were produced alongside cards to celebrate Christmas and birthdays. Common subject matter also included architectural landmarks and small town Main Streets, famous actors and beautiful women, ships, trains and locomotives, animals, military leaders, and European royalty. As postcards gained in popularity, Kodak introduced two new options for postcard creation: a specially designed folding pocket camera that used postcard-size film and preprinted stock paper that allowed customers to make a postcard from any photograph they took. Many small town photography studios also created these "real photo" postcards. 

As postcards became increasingly common, they helped to document changing societal norms such as the rise of the automobile and American car culture or the fight for women's suffrage, and America's evolving attitudes towards race and class. Postcards also helped chronicle changes in clothing and dress. Not all postcards were serious in nature. A large number of postcards featured cartoon characters, jokes, and a new phenomenon called "tall tale postcards." Tall tale cards featured photographic exaggerations of oversize produce and animals. An example of this type of card might feature two enormous strawberries loaded onto a railroad car or several ears of corn loaded into a wagon. These images humorously helped to promote the idea that America was a place of agricultural bounty and plenty. In sum, the humble postcard has documented and chronicled some of the changes in American society.  

Phases of Postcard Production in the United States: 

• 1898-1901 Private Mailing Cards: The United State Postal Service first introduced Postcards to the American public in 1898.
• 1901-1907 Early Postcard Period: During this period postcard senders wrote their message on a small white space on the front of the card. The recipient's address on the back was the only thing included on the postcard back.
• 1907-1914 Divided Back Postcards: In 1907 the U.S. Postal Service declared that all postcards printed in the United States should have a divided back. A vertical line divided the postcard back and senders wrote their message on the left side and the address on the right side of the line.
• 1915-1930 White Border Period: During World War I, printers began adding a white border to postcards to save on the cost of ink. This practice continued beyond World War I and extended into the 1930s.
• 1930-1944 Linen Period:  Beginning in 1930, postcard paper was made from a higher cotton rag content. This allowed the paper to be printed to resemble the texture of canvas or linen. Bright colors were frequently used in conjunction with a white border.
• 1939-present Modern Postcard Period: Postcard images are usually based on color photographs. These postcards can be easily identified by the paper’s glossy coating.